Soon certain energetic merchants discovered that the goods which they had always imported from afar ...

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You have seen how a few artisans(butchers and bakers and an occasional candle-stick maker) came to l ...

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No, the progress of the last six hundred years would not have been possible without the existence of ...

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But please do not be too sentimental about the "good old days". Many people who only s ...

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Of course, it would never do to say this openly.当然，谁也不会把这些情绪公开流露出来。But when the C ...

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Chapter 35第三十五章The Mediaeval city中世纪的城市Why the people of the middle ages said that &quo ...

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Meanwhile the German chieftain, the Frankish Baron, the Northman Duke (or whatever their names and t ...

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But if the progress of the world had been left to the serf and his feudal master, we would still be ...

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During the next two centuries, seven other crusades took place. Gradually the Crusaders learned the ...

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The first Crusade, a wild mob of honest Christians, defaulting bankrupts, penniless noblemen and fug ...

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The Northmen were very intelligent They soon learned to speak the language of their subjects and gav ...

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Pepin was sincerely grateful for this kindness on the part of the church. He made two expeditions to ...

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The Danes had been driven away and now (it was early in the eleventh century) another Saxon king, Ed ...

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Chapter 30第三十章The Norsemen北欧人Why the people of the tenth century prayed the lord to protect t ...

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Chapter 31第三十一章Feudalism封建制度How central Europe, attacked from sides, become an armed camp a ...

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Twice the Carolingian lands were divided, by the treaties of Verdun in the year 843 and by the treat ...

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The Pope, once more sorely beset by his enemies, sent north for help. He did not appeal to the ruler ...

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In less than ten years he conquered Egypt, Persia, Phoenicia, Syria and Palestine and made Damascus ...

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His descendants, the Merovingians, had continued to take little bits of imperial territory until the ...

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During the last ten years of the eighth century, however, Charles was obliged to devote himself excl ...

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