用来表示做某事的人或事： The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man.
We were amazed by what she told us.
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov.
The book was translated by a well-known author.
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice.
用于表示如何完成某事：
They traveled across Europe by train/car.
She did the decorating (all) by herself.
We went in by (= through) the front door.
Do you want to be paid in cash or by check?
He learned English by listening to the radio.
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm.
I refuse to live by their rules.
在…附近或旁边：
A small child stood sullenly by her side.
He wanted to keep her close by him always.
The policewoman walked by them without saying a word.
不迟于 或在...之前：
She had promised to be back by five o'clock.
The application needs to be in by the 31st to be accepted.
By the time I got to the station the train had already gone.
用于显示度量或数量：
Our office floor space measured twelve yards by ten (= was twelve yards in one direction and ten in the other).
Their wages were increased by 15 percent.
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work).
These phones have sold by the thousand (= several thousand have been sold).
在...期间：
We traveled by night and rested by day.
