Psychiatrist 精神科医生

只看该作者 · 发表于 Dec 15, 2021 09:38:47

精神科医生是专门从事精神病学的医生，精神病学是致力于诊断、预防、研究和治疗精神障碍的医学分支。
A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry, the branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders.

精神科医生是专攻精神健康（包括药物滥用障碍）的医生（M.D. 或 D.O.）。精神科医生有资格评估心理问题的精神和身体方面。
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (an M.D. or D.O.) who specializes in mental health, including substance use disorders. Psychiatrists are qualified to assess both the mental and physical aspects of psychological problems.

人们出于多种原因寻求精神科帮助。这些问题可能是突然的，例如惊恐发作、可怕的幻觉、自杀念头或听到“声音”。或者它们可能是更长期的，例如似乎永远不会解除的悲伤、绝望或焦虑感或功能问题，导致日常生活感到扭曲或失控。
People seek psychiatric help for many reasons. The problems can be sudden, such as a panic attack, frightening hallucinations, thoughts of suicide, or hearing "voices." Or they may be more long-term, such as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anxiousness that never seem to lift or problems functioning, causing everyday life to feel distorted or out of control.

发表于 Dec 15, 2021 09:43:39

诊断患者
Diagnosing Patients

因为他们是医生，精神科医生可以安排或执行全方位的医学实验室和心理测试，结合与患者的讨论，有助于提供患者身心状态的图片。他们的教育和临床培训使他们能够理解情绪和其他疾病之间的复杂关系以及与遗传和家族史的关系，评估医疗和心理数据，做出诊断，并与患者合作制定治疗计划。
Because they are physicians, psychiatrists can order or perform a full range of medical laboratory and psychological tests which, combined with discussions with patients, help provide a picture of a patient's physical and mental state. Their education and clinical training equip them to understand the complex relationship between emotional and other medical illnesses and the relationships with genetics and family history, to evaluate medical and psychological data, to make a diagnosis, and to work with patients to develop treatment plans.

具体诊断基于 APA 的精神障碍诊断和统计手册 (DSM-5) 中建立的标准，其中包含用于诊断精神障碍的描述、症状和其他标准。
Specific diagnoses are based on criteria established in APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-5), which contains descriptions, symptoms and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

发表于 Dec 15, 2021 09:45:53

精神科医生使用哪些治疗方法？
What Treatments Do Psychiatrists Use?

精神科医生会根据每位患者的需要使用多种治疗方法，包括各种形式的心理治疗、药物治疗、社会心理干预和其他治疗（例如电休克疗法或 ECT）。
Psychiatrists use a variety of treatments – including various forms of psychotherapy, medications, psychosocial interventions and other treatments (such as electroconvulsive therapy or ECT), depending on the needs of each patient.

心理疗法，有时也称为谈话疗法，是一种涉及治疗师和患者之间谈话关系的治疗方法。它可用于治疗各种精神障碍和情绪困难。心理治疗的目标是消除或控制致残或令人不安的症状，以便患者能够更好地发挥作用。根据问题的严重程度，治疗可能只需要一两个星期的几个疗程，也可能需要数年的许多疗程。心理治疗可以单独进行，也可以夫妻、家庭或团体一起进行。
Psychotherapy, sometimes called talk therapy, is a treatment that involves a talking relationship between a therapist and patient. It can be used to treat a broad variety of mental disorders and emotional difficulties. The goal of psychotherapy is to eliminate or control disabling or troubling symptoms so the patient can function better. Depending on the extent of the problem, treatment may take just a few sessions over a week or two or may take many sessions over a period of years. Psychotherapy can be done individually, as a couple, with a family, or in a group.

心理治疗有多种形式。有帮助患者改变行为或思维模式的心理治疗，帮助患者探索过去的关系和经历对当前行为的影响的心理治疗，以及为帮助以特定方式解决其他问题而量身定制的心理治疗。认知行为疗法是一种以解决问题为重点的目标导向疗法。精神分析是个人心理治疗的一种强化形式，需要数年的频繁治疗。
There are many forms of psychotherapy. There are psychotherapies that help patients change behaviors or thought patterns, psychotherapies that help patients explore the effect of past relationships and experiences on present behaviors, and psychotherapies that are tailored to help solve other problems in specific ways. Cognitive behavior therapy is a goal-oriented therapy focusing on problem solving. Psychoanalysis is an intensive form of individual psychotherapy which requires frequent sessions over several years.

精神科医生使用大多数药物的方式与药物用于治疗高血压或糖尿病的方式大致相同。在完成彻底的评估后，精神科医生可以开药来帮助治疗精神障碍。虽然精神科药物的确切作用机制尚不完全清楚，但它们可能有益地调节大脑内的化学信号和交流，从而减少精神疾病的某些症状。接受长期药物治疗的患者需要定期与他们的精神科医生会面，以监测药物的有效性和任何潜在的副作用。
Most medications are used by psychiatrists in much the same way that medications are used to treat high blood pressure or diabetes. After completing thorough evaluations, psychiatrists can prescribe medications to help treat mental disorders. While the precise mechanism of action of psychiatric medications is not fully understood, they may beneficially modulate chemical signaling and communication within the brain, which may reduce some symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Patients on long-term medication treatment will need to meet with their psychiatrist periodically to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and any potential side effects.

发表于 Dec 15, 2021 09:46:57

药物类别
Class of Medications

抗抑郁药——用于治疗抑郁症、恐慌症、创伤后应激障碍、焦虑症、强迫症、边缘型人格障碍和饮食失调。
抗精神病药物——用于治疗精神病症状（妄想和幻觉）、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍。
镇静剂和抗焦虑药——用于治疗焦虑和失眠。
催眠药——用于诱导和维持睡眠。
情绪稳定剂——用于治疗双相情感障碍。
兴奋剂——用于治疗多动症。
精神科医生通常会结合心理治疗来开药。
Antidepressants – used to treat depression, panic disorder, PTSD, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.
Antipsychotic medications – used to treat psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
Sedatives and anxiolytics – used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
Hypnotics – used to induce and maintain sleep.
Mood stabilizers – used to treat bipolar disorder.
Stimulants – used to treat ADHD.
Psychiatrists often prescribe medications in combination with psychotherapy.

有时也使用其他治疗方法。电惊厥疗法 (ECT) 是一种涉及向大脑施加电流的医学疗法，最常用于治疗对其他疗法没有反应的严重抑郁症。脑深部刺激 (DBS)、迷走神经刺激 (VNS) 和经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 是一些用于治疗某些精神障碍的较新疗法。光疗法用于治疗季节性抑郁症。
Other treatments are also sometimes used. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a medical treatment that involves applying electrical currents to the brain, is used most often to treat severe depression that has not responded to other treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are a few of the newer therapies being used to treat some mental disorders. Light therapy is used to treat seasonal depression.

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Psychiatrist 精神科医生

杨金月